黄河下游滩地杨树人工林土壤微生物分析

对山东省济南市长清区黄河下游滩地杨树人工林林地土壤微生物数量及分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:滩地杨树人工林土壤微生物主要分布在0～20cm的土层,20～50cm土层的微生物较少;各林地土壤微生物数量明显高于新淤地微生物数量;细菌是滩地杨树人工林林地土壤微生物的主要组成成分,在上、下层土壤中所占比例分别为81.7%～99.1%和75.1%～98.8%;土壤微生物数量随林龄的增长呈现高—低—高的变化趋势,但至林木主伐前,固氮菌和纤维素分解菌数量有所降低;不同管理模式影响微生物的数量,集约经营管理的林分土壤微生物数量较多;滩地杨树人工林土壤微生物数量与土壤颗粒组成密切相关。     

伴大豆球蛋白胃蛋白酶水解肽对小鼠免疫功能及肠道内环境的影响

90只清洁级昆明系小鼠，随机分为5组，预饲基础日粮一周后，各组分别灌胃：生理盐水（对照组，CK）、伴大豆球蛋白液（Ⅰ）、伴大豆球蛋白胃蛋白酶水解液（Ⅱ）、伴大豆球蛋白胃蛋白酶水解液提纯B组分（Ⅲ）、伴大豆球蛋白盐酸水解液（Ⅳ），除对照组外，各处理组灌胃液体总含氮量相等，实验期21d。结果显示：与对照组相比，第3周Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组每只小鼠日均采食量较对照组显著下降，分别降低8．75％（P〈0．05）和9．28％（P〈0．05）；Ⅲ组小鼠胸腺相对质量极显著下降，降低了10．40％（P〈0．01），肠黏膜sIgA水平提高45．49％（P〈0．01），大肠食糜中6-磷酸果糖酮糖酶（F6PPK）活性极显著提高（P〈0．01），pH值下降了1．80％（P〈0．05），肠球菌数显著下降（P〈0．05）。实验结果表明水解肽作为腔内信号分子可能与肠道内相关因素有着多层次调控关系，共同促进宿主的健康。     

不同粗饲料组合日粮对不同牧草在肉牛瘤胃内降解特性的影响

为研究不同粗饲料日粮在肉牛瘤胃中的降解规律,选择3头体质量相近的装有永久性瘘管的科尔沁黄牛为试验动物,饲喂含有不同苜蓿比例(0~70%)的稻草基础日粮,采用尼龙袋法测定瘤胃中7种牧草(稻草、王草、东非狼尾草、幼嫩苜蓿、苜蓿草块、三叶草、小冠花)干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)48 h的降解特性。结果显示,随着日粮中苜蓿比例的增加,7种牧草DM、CP和NDF的降解率增加,当日粮中苜蓿比例从0增到30%时,7种牧草DM、CP和NDF降解率提高的幅度比较大,苜蓿含量从50%增到70%时,降解率提高的幅度降低。苜蓿比例为70%时,稻草、王草、三叶草、小冠花、东非狼尾草DM的降解率分别比苜蓿比例0组显著高3.74%、1.96%、1.46%、1.88%、1.73%,稻草、王草、苜蓿草块、三叶草、小冠花、东非狼尾草NDF的降解率分别比苜蓿比例0组显著高5.17%、2.69%、1.69%、2.01%、1.67%、2.19%。7种牧草CP的降解率在各苜蓿比例(0、30%、50%、70%)组间差异均不显著。可见,稻草日粮中添加苜蓿可明显提高牧草DM、NDF的瘤胃降解率,对CP影响较小。     

瘤胃尼龙袋法测定常用饲料过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率

以9头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊为试验动物,采用尼龙袋法对玉米淀粉、玉米、麸皮、豆粕、麻粕、棉籽粕、苜蓿干草、羊草、肋麦野豌豆、玉米秸等10种常用饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量及淀粉瘤胃降解率进行了比较研究。结果表明,各种饲料的过瘤胃淀粉量(g/kg)依次为417.85、404.84、226.31、62.04、110.56、108.61、73.50、50.87、47.55、24.43;其淀粉瘤胃降解率%依次为60.95、50.47、61.70、80.19、65.57、61.01、53.15、64.23、70.40、73.65。     

灰木莲、巨尾桉和厚荚相思人工林土壤微生物量及酶活性比较

为了解灰木莲、巨尾桉和厚荚相思3种人工林地的土壤肥力变化,为制定相应的营林措施提供参考,对3种8年生人工林0 ～ 20cm土层的微生物数量及土壤酶活性进行比较.结果表明:(1)不同树种的土壤微生物总量为灰木莲＞厚荚相思＞巨尾桉.同一树种在一年四季中的变化是:灰木莲林地夏季＞冬季＞秋季＞春季;巨尾桉林地秋季＞春季＞夏季＞冬季;厚荚相思林地秋季＞春季＞冬季＞夏季.(2)3种林地土壤的三大类群微生物数量特征表现为细菌最多,真菌数量最少,但在不同季节里有变化.灰木莲林地和厚荚相思林地的细菌数量明显大于巨尾桉林地;而巨尾桉林地的真菌和放线菌数量在春夏两季均大于另外两种林地,但秋冬两季则是3种林地中最少的.(3)3种林地的土壤蛋白酶活性在春季基本持平,但在夏季和冬季的差异却达到极显著水平;而3种林地的土壤过氧化氢酶活性均在夏季和冬季出现两次高峰,冬季的酶活性最大,差异达显著水平.分析表明不同树种对林地土壤微生物数量、组成以及土壤酶活性有重要影响.     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响

本试验旨在利用长期人工瘤胃系统——Rusitec系统研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加壳聚糖对体外瘤胃发酵甲烷产量和发酵特性的影响。采用2×2两因子试验设计,2个因子分别为饲粮精粗比[30∶70(低精料饲粮)和70∶30(高精料饲粮)]和是否添加壳聚糖(0和1 500 mg/罐),共构成4组,每组4个重复。结果表明:与低精料饲粮相比,高精料饲粮显著降低了甲烷产量,中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白质的降解率,发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了总产气量和丙酸含量(P<0.05);添加壳聚糖显著降低了甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质的降解率、发酵液乙酸和丁酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、氨氮浓度(P<0.05),显著提高了丙酸含量(P<0.05);在甲烷产量和总产气量,粗蛋白质的降解率,0、6 h发酵液氨氮浓度,0、12 h发酵液乙酸/丙酸上,2个因子存在互作(P<0.05),高精料饲粮中添加壳聚糖对甲烷产量和总产气量、粗蛋白质降解率、发酵液氨氮浓度的降低幅度大于低精料饲粮,对总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸的降低幅度小于低精料饲粮。以上结果表明,改变饲粮的精粗比和添加壳聚糖均能够改变瘤胃发酵模式,且二者之间存在互作,壳聚糖在精粗比为70∶30的饲粮中添加效果优于精粗比为30∶70的饲粮。     

Buffer nitrogen solubility,in vitro ruminal partitioning of nitrogen and in vitro ruminal biological activity of tannins in leaves of four fodder tree species

This study explores the chemical composition, buffer N solubility, in vitro ruminal N degradability and in vitro ruminal biological activity of tannins in leaves from Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Morus alba and Trichanthera gigantea trees. These tree leaves are a potential protein source for ruminants, but their site‐influenced nutritive value is largely unknown. Leucaena leucocephala leaves had the highest N content (42.1 g/kg DM), while T. gigantea leaves had the least (26.1 g/kg DM). Leucaena leucocephala had the highest buffer solubility index (20%), while 10% of the total N in leaves of the other three species was soluble. The rapidly fermentable N fraction ‘a’ was highest in M. alba leaves (734.9 g/kg DM) and least in T. gigantea leaves (139.5 g/kg DM). The rate of fermentation (c) was highest for M. alba (7%/hours) leaves. No significant correlations were recorded between buffer solubility index of N and in vitro ruminal N degradability parameters: a, b, and c. The highest response to tannin inactivation using polyethylene glycol, in terms of percentage increase in 36‐hours cumulative gas production, was recorded in M. alba (39%) and T. gigantea (38%) leaves. It was concluded that buffer solubility of N is not a good indicator of ruminal N degradation in the leaves of these tree species. Leaves of M. alba could be more valuable as a source of rapidly fermentable N when animals are offered low‐protein, high‐fibre diets compared with other tree species evaluated in the current study. However, when feeding M. alba leaves, the role of tannins must be considered because these secondary plant compounds showed significant in vitro ruminal biological activity.     

Use of NaHCO3 and MgO as additives for sheep fed only pasture for a restricted period of time per day: effects on intake,digestion and the rumen environment

Effects of NaHCO₃ and MgO buffer addition on intake and digestive utilization of a pasture were studied in wethers allowed a restricted time of access to forage. Twelve wethers housed in metabolic cages and fed fresh forage (predominantly Lotus corniculatus) ad libitum for 6 h/d were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: a control forage without buffer (C) or a forage plus buffer composed of a mixture of 750 g/kg NaHCO₃ and 250 g/kg MgO at 20 g/kg dry matter intake (B). Feeding behaviour, feed and water intake and digestibility, urine output, Na urine elimination, kinetics of passage, ruminal pH and ammonia concentration, N balance and ruminal microbial N synthesis were determined in vivo, and the ruminal liquor activity was evaluated in vitro by fermentation of wheat straw. Addition of buffer increased total water intake (p = 0.05), Na urinary output (p = 0.01), purine derivative excretion in urine (p = 0.05) and tended to decrease mean total retention time in the digestive tract (p = 0.09). However, buffer addition increased ruminal pH (p < 0.001) and tended to decrease the ammonia concentration (p = 0.05). That use of buffer decreased ruminal activity was evidenced by a lower volume of gas produced in vitro (p = 0.01) possibly due to a lower microbial concentration in rumen liquor. The higher rumen dilution rate, likely due to a higher water intake, seems to have been the key driver of the actions of buffer supplementation on the rumen environment. Moreover, addition of NaHCO₃ led to an increased urinary Na excretion, which should be considered due to its likely negative environmental impacts.     

氮添加对杨树人工林表层土壤微生物群落结构的影响1）

以江苏东台沿海地区杨树人工林地为研究对象,建立野外模拟氮沉降试验样地,试验设置5个氮处理水平,分别为对照（0 kg· hm－2· a－1）、低氮（50 kg· hm－2· a－1）、中氮（100 kg· hm－2· a－1）、高氮（150 kg· hm－2· a－1）和超高氮（300 kg · hm－2· a－1）。于2012年5月开始在生长季（5—10月）每月进行施氮处理,2013年8月和10月运用磷脂脂肪酸法分别分析了土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,施氮处理近2 a后,两个月份中的土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸总量均显著下降,细菌、真菌中磷脂脂肪酸的量出现了不同程度的下降,真菌与细菌中磷脂脂肪酸的量之比没有显著变化。磷脂脂肪酸组成的主成分分析显示,除低氮处理样地外,其他水平施氮样地均使微生物群落结构显著变化,且超高氮处理样地变化格局具有季节差异性。     

Nutritive value of sorghum silage for sheep

This study compared ensiled sorghum (ES) from two varieties (first and second cuts) with corn silage (CS) for chemical analysis, total-tract nutrient digestibility, ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites in sheep. Five experimental silages representing first cut ES var. Pegah (PS1), second cut ES var. Pegah (PS2), first cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS1), second cut ES var. Speedfeed (SS2) and CS were assessed for chemical analysis, silage fermentation and anti-quality compounds. Diets consisted of lucerne hay, silage and a premix (at the ratio of 53.5:46:0.5 on a dry matter [DM] basis). Feed consumption, total-tract nutrient digestibility, microbial nitrogen supply (MNS), ruminal variables and blood biochemistry metabolites were determined in a Latin square design of five periods with five male sheep. Compared to sorghum, CS had lower (p < 0.01) concentrations of ash, water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein, but higher starch, lignin (sa), non-structural carbohydrates and apparent nutrient digestibility. The measurements of pH, lactic acid, NH₃-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) confirmed that all silages were well-preserved. The anti-quality compound levels in the silages were below the safe limits for ruminants. No differences were observed in feed consumption (p > 0.05) and total-tract digestibility of DM and nutrients (p > 0.05). Rumen pH, NH₃-N, VFA concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Sheep fed on sorghum silage showed a decrease (p < 0.01) in total protozoa, and particularly in the Entodiniae population. There were no differences in cellulolytic bacteria counts (p > 0.05) among treatments. Urinary N, MNS and blood biochemistry metabolites showed no difference among treatments (p > 0.05). Silages from both cuts of sorghum had comparable total-tract nutrient digestibility to CS, therefore, these varieties could be used as a more drought resilient silage source in the feeding of sheep.